Case Studies

Over the last few centuries, carbon trapped by millions of years of plant and animal deposition has been released into the environment as carbon dioxide (CO2) through the burning of fossil fuels. In 1958 the measured level of this greenhouse gas in the atmosphere was 315 parts per million (ppm), in 2024 it reached 423.9 ppm and...

Many highly sensitive processes in biomedicine or chemical analysis rely on the accurate measurement of nano-to-millilitre amounts of liquid. This can range from delivering precise drug doses to premature babies in hospital, to detecting trace amounts of pollutants in the environment. In the healthcare sector in particular, org...

The Earth’s energy budget describes how much radiation from the sun reaches the Earth’s surface and how much escapes back into space. Knowledge of how this is changing is not only important in understanding and predicting climate changes, but also essential in areas including weather forecasting, air quality monitoring, vegetat...

Advancing technology has increased demand for access to highspeed telecommunications. First generation mobile phones, introduced in the 1980s, utilised the 800 MHz part of the radio frequency (RF) spectrum with maximum data speeds of ~2.4 kilobits per second, increasing to 2 megabits per second in 2001, almost a thousand times ...

Trace water is the most common contaminant in ultra-high purity (UHP) process gases and one of the most difficult to remove. These gases, such as argon, nitrogen and hydrogen, are used in sensitive industrial processes, including semiconductor fabrication or manufacturing pharmaceuticals, where gas purity strongly affects produ...

The EU’s Energy Efficiency Directive of 2023 committed all member states to a further 11.7% reduction in energy consumption by 2030.Fully transitioning to lighting using light emitting diodes (LEDs) could save Europe €65 billion in energy costs annually and reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 51 million tonnes. White LEDs are u...