Case Studies

Conventionally the calibration of photometric equipment was performed with tungsten filament standard lamps with the standard illuminant A spectrum, which was published by the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) in 1931 and was originally designed for use with incandescent lighting products. However, incandescent co...

Graphene is a lattice of carbon only one atom thick. Despite being effectively two-dimensional (2D) it is the strongest material ever discovered with a tensile strength over 200 times stronger than structural steel. It also has the lowest room-temperature electrical resistivity of any known material and its high electron mobili...

Technological advances, such as low power devices, or micro and nanoelectronics in the semiconductor industry, have introduced the requirement for measurements of small currents of 1 nA and below. Measurements at this scale utilise instruments such as pico-ammeters which require accurate calibration, often in situ. To do this ...

Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) have transformed the mobility, safety and security of people and goods. About 7% of the European economy benefits from GNSS applications, a market forecast to be worth €250 billion a year by 2022. Each GNSS satellite emits radio signals encoded with data about the time of transmission...

Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) have become an essential infrastructure, as citizens, industry and the sciences came to rely on its navigation and timing applications. Roughly 7 % of the EU economy benefits from GNSS applications, a market forecast to be worth €250 billion a year by 2022. However, with no backup inf...

Technology based on the ‘Hall effect’, which determines magnetic field strength by measuring the voltages induced by electric current, accounted for more than 50% of the €1.7 billion global market for magnetic sensors in 2019. Magnetic measurements are important to ensure the correct placement of batteries or device performance...