Case Studies

Europe aims to be carbon-neutral by 2050 and use of Liquid Natural Gas (LNG) has been identified as an essential step during this energy transition. The amount of energy in LNG is proportional to the methane content, given by the ‘methane number’ (MN), with 100 MN being equivalent to 100 % methane. By measuring the LNG composit...

Natural gas is a cleaner alternative fuel to other petrochemicals and its use is considered to be an essential step in making Europe carbon neutral by 2050. When extracted it is cooled below -160 ºC (~113 K) to form liquid natural gas (LNG) which reduces its volume 600 times, allowing it to be more easily transported and stored...

Non-ionizing radiation in the radiofrequency range from 600 MHz to 300 GHz provides the basis for connectivity in mobile communication applications. Additionally, electromagnetic fields (EMFs) generated by inductively coupled coils at low frequencies (typically below 10 MHz) are widely used for contactless charging of household...

Electricity is transmitted at high voltages (HV) and reduced for domestic use by power transformers installed in HV substations. Many substations are located inside buildings in urban areas in reduced spaces. HV switchgear, such as circuit-breakers and disconnectors, are used to de-energise equipment to allow safe maintenance. ...

Between 0.5 to 3% of all electricity injected into European power grids is lost during transmission. To reduce this network operators are transitioning from high voltage alternating current (HVAC) to high voltage direct current (HVDC) as it is more efficient in transporting electricity and also offers compact overhead lines, un...

Electrical losses are one of the main contributors to operational costs in power networks. To minimize this network operators are transitioning from high voltage alternating current (HVAC) to more efficient high voltage direct current (HVDC). Partial Discharge (PD) measurements, detailed in the international standard IEC 60270...